Exerc Med Search

CLOSE


Exerc Med > Volume 1; 2017 > Article
An: Exercise Rehabilitation after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Abstract

OBJECTIVES

Exercise rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has changed dramatically in recent years. In this review, we discuss recent changes in exercise programs related to ACL rehabilitation.

METHODS

We conducted a literature review of recently published articles related exercise programs after ACL reconstruction.

RESULTS

The accelerated rehabilitation program, which allows patients to achieve full extension ofthe knee early in the postoperative period, is now a widely practiced rehabilitation program. A prospective study of rehabilitation programs after ACL reconstruction showed that early joint exercises do not interfere with the healing of grafts. Instead, they alleviate pain, thereby reducing the negative impact. Moreover, according to several biomechanical studies, open kinetic chain exercises are potentially disadvantageous to knee stability. There is no evidence that early weight bearing results in weakening of graft distraction or internal fixation compared with delayed weight bearing.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, prevention of ACL injuries and rehabilitative exercise training can help to achieve optimal exercise performance while avoiding the risk of sports-related injury.

INTRODUCTION

Exercise rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has changed dramatically in recent years. Previous exercise rehabilitation programs required a period of 9-12 months to return to the sports field, because of the perceived need for a period of 8-10 weeks to perform limited range of motion (ROM) and full weight bearing. However, after Shelbourne et al. [1,2] introduced the accelerated rehabilitation program, the ability to return to the sports field within 4-6 months after ACL reconstruction became practical due to the implementation of immediate exercise rehabilitation that facilitated recovery of ROM and weight bearing (Table 1). In this review, we discuss recent changes in exercise programs related to ACL rehabilitation.
Table 1.
Accelerated rehabilitation program
Time after reconstruction Rehabilitation program
Day 1 Continuous passive motion (CPM), rigid knee immobilizer in full extention for walking, weight bearing as tolerated without crutches
2-3 days CPM, passive range of motion (ROM) 0° to 90°(emphasis on full extension), weight bearing as tolerated without crutches
2-4 day Discharge from hospital; CPM at home.
Note: Prerequisite to discharge is 1) satisfactory pain management, 2) full extention symmetical to nonoperated knee, 3) able to do SLR for leg control, 4) full weight bearing with or without cruches
7-10 day ROM terminal extension, prone hangs (2 pounds) if patient has not achieved full extension, towel extension, wall slide, heel slides, active-assisted flexion, strengthening-knee, bends, step-ups, calf raise; weight bearing-partial to full weight bearing; gradual elimination of required use of knee immobilizer
2-3 weeks ROM(0°-110°), unilateral knee bends, step-ups, calf raises, Stair Master 4000, weight room activities; leg press, quarter squats and calf raises in the squat rack, stationary bicycling, swimming, custom-made functional knee brace with no preset limits (to be used at all times out of the home for the next 4weeks)
5-6 weeks ROM(0°-130°), isokinetic evaluation with 20° block at 180 and 240 deg/sec. When strength is 70% or greater than the opposite un-operated knee, the patient can being lateral shuttles, cariocas, light jogging, jumping rope, agility drills, weight room activities, stationary bicycling, and swimming. Note: Functional brace discontinued (except for sports activities) when muscle tone and strength are sufficient
10 weeks Full ROM; isokinetic evaluation at 60,180, and 240 deg/sec, KT 1000, increased agility workouts, sport-specific activities
16 weeks Isokinetic evaluation, KT 1000, increased agility workouts
4-6 months Return to full sports participation (if patient has met, criteria of full ROM, no effusion, good knee stability, and completed the running program)

Shelbourne KD & Nitz P. Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys The, 1992; 15 (6):256-64.

Accelerated rehabilitation program

The accelerated rehabilitation program, which allows patients to achieve full extension of the knee early in the postoperative period, is now a widely practiced rehabilitation program. These rehabilitation programs include restoration of ROM and weight bearing, early edema reduction, protection of the ACL replacement graft through closed kinetic chain exercises rather than open kinetic chain exercises, restoration of dynamic stability of the joint through premature hamstring strengthening, proprioceptive functional training and neuromuscular rehabilitation, muscle strength training, and agility training [1]. Preferably, this accelerated rehabilitation exercise program is implemented in an individualized manner, according to the condition of the patient.
A prospective study of rehabilitation programs after ACL reconstruction showed that early joint exercises do not interfere with the healing of grafts or prevent the limitation of ROM. Instead, they alleviate pain, thereby reducing the negative impact [3-7]. Moreover, Jørgensen & Thomsen [8] reported that there is no evidence that early weight bearing results in weakening of graft distraction or internal fixation compared with delayed weight bearing.

Open kinetic chain and closed kinetic chain exercises

In one prospective study, Bynum et al. [9] reported anterior instability one year postoperatively and decreased patient satisfaction with open kinetic chain exercises compared with closed kinetic chain exercises [9]. However, other studies observed no difference between open and closed kinetic chain exercises [10-12]. According to these biomechanical studies, open kinetic chain exercises are potentially disadvantageous to knee stability, but the effects of their application remains controversial. Some prospective randomized controlled studies have compared home-based exercise rehabilitation with hospital-based rehabilitation centers and other rehabilitation centers. Although researchers were more involved, there was no significant difference in outcomes between the two groups [13-16].

Returning to the sports field

The recommended time for returning to the sports field has varied significantly based on largely different findings of various researchers. However, the researchers suggest the same preconditions for returning to the sports scene after surgery, such as restored ROM, disappearance of joint edema, isokinetic musculoskeletal test (unaffected side), muscle strength of quadriceps recovered to 80-90% full strength, muscle strength of hamstring recovered to 85-90% full strength, uninvolved in one-leg hop test, and the elapses after surgery during the 9-month postoperative period [17]. So far, we have discussed how rehabilitation is most effective after ACL injury; however, the innovative paradigm of future rehabilitation programs will require the development of preventive programs to prevent ACL injuries in advance.

ACL injury prevention programs

ACL injury prevention programs consist of programs for improving muscular training and exercise performance such as plyometrics, strength training, balance training, and resistance training [18]. The trained athletes are instructed by the trainer to perform biomechanically correct motions and receive feedback during and after the training [18]. The training protocol focuses on the practice of correct training techniques. Especially at the beginning of training, exercises should be performed with correct form. The trainer must be familiar with the correct training exercises and constantly encourage the athletes to perform the exercises with precise form. If the players are tired and unable to perform the exercises with correct form, the exercise training should be stopped.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, prevention of ACL injuries and rehabilitative exercise training can help to achieve optimal exercise performance while avoiding the risk of sports-related injury.

Notes

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

REFERENCES

1. Shelbourne K, Nitz P. Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1990; 18:292–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659001800313
crossref pmid
2. Shelbourne K, Nitz P. Accelerated rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1992; 15:256–64. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1992.15.6.256
crossref pmid
3. Häggmark T, Eriksson E. Cylinder or mobile cast brace after knee ligament surgery. A clinical analysis and morphologic and enzymatic studies of changes in the quadriceps muscle. Am J Sports Med 1979; 7:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354657900700111
crossref
4. Henriksson M, Rockborn P, Good L. Range of motion training in brace vs. plaster immobilization after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective randomized comparison with a 2-year follow-up. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2002; 12:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.120203.x
crossref
5. Noyes F, Mangine R, Barber S. Early knee motion after open and arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 1987; 15:149–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354658701500210
crossref pmid
6. Richmond J, Gladstone J, MacGillivray J. Continuous passive motion after arthroscopically assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: comparison of shortversus long-term use. Arthroscopy 1991; 7:39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-8063(91)90076-A
crossref pmid
7. Rosen M, Jackson D, Atwell E. The efficacy of continuous passive motion in the rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Am J Sports Med 1992; 20:122–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659202000205
crossref pmid
8. Jørgensen U, Thomsen H. Behavior of the graft within the bone tunnels following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, studied by cinematic magnetic resonance imaging. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000; 8:32–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001670050007
crossref pmid
9. Bynum E, Barrack R, Alexander A. Open versus closed chain kinetic exercises after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A prospective randomized study. Am J Sports Med 1995; 23:401–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659502300405
crossref
10. Perry M, Morrissey M, King J, et al. Effects of closed versus open kinetic chain knee extensor resistance training on knee laxity and leg function in patients during the 8- to 14-week post-operative period after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2005; 13:357–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-004-0568-7
crossref pmid
11. Hooper D, Morrissey M, Drechsler W, et al. Open and closed kinetic chain exercises in the early period after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Improvements in level walking, stair ascent, and stair descent. Am J Sports Med 2001; 29:167–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465010290020901
crossref
12. Mikkelsen C, Werner S, Eriksson E. Closed kinetic chain alone compared to combined open and closed kinetic chain exercises for quadriceps strengthening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with respect to return to sports: a prospective matched follow-up study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000; 8:337–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001670000143
crossref pmid
13. Fischer D, Tewes D, Boyd J, et al. Home based rehabilitation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998; 347:194–9. PMID: 9520889
crossref
14. Grant J, Mohtadi N, Maitland M, et al. Comparison of home versus physical therapy-supervised rehabilitation programs after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33:1288–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504273051
crossref pmid
15. Schenck R, Blaschak M, Lance E, et al. A prospective outcome study of rehabilitation programs and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 1997; 13:285–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-8063(97)90022-0
crossref pmid
16. Beard DJ, Dodd CA. Home or supervised rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1998; 27:134–43. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1998.27.2.134
crossref pmid
17. Paulos L, Stern j. Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament surgery. New York: Raven Press 1993.
18. Myer G, Ford K, Palumbo J, et al. Neuromuscular training improves performance and lower-extremity biomechanics in female athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2005; 19:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1519/13643
crossref pmid
TOOLS
Share :
Facebook Twitter Linked In Google+
METRICS Graph View
  • 1 Crossref
  •    
  • 19,738 View
  • 824 Download
Related article


ABOUT
BROWSE ARTICLES
ARTICLE CATEGORY

Browse all articles >

FOR CONTRIBUTORS
Sapientia Publishing Group Editorial Office
Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Gachon University
155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea
Tel: +82-10-4290-5012    Fax: +82-504-372-0664    E-mail: exercmed@gmail.com                

Developed in M2PI

Copyright © 2024 by Sapientia Publishing Group.
Close layer
prev next